Morfometria de cladódios de Opuntia stricta sob lâminas de irrigação e adubação orgânica no semiárido paraibano / Morphometry of Opuntia stricta cladodes submitted to different irrigation levels and organic fertilizer in the paraiba semi-arid region / Morfometría de cladodios de Opuntia stricta bajo cuchillas de riego y fertilización orgánica en el semiárido paraibano

A Palma Forrageira é uma planta xerófila de grande importância para a manutenção da pecuária nordestina, sobretudo, durante os períodos de estiagem. No entanto, diante da necessidade da recuperação dos palmais destruídos pela cochonilha do carmim, faz-se necessário conhecer os efeitos das práticas de manejo sobre as novas variedades introduzidas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação e fontes de adubação orgânica sobre a morfometria de cladódios da palma forrageira 'Orelha de Elefante Mexicana' (Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw.) cultivada no Semiárido. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Riachão, Boa Vista, Paraíba. A área de plantio utilizada estava no segundo ciclo depois de dois anos de implantação. Utilizou-se um fatorial duplo 3 x 6 (tipos de adubação; lâminas de irrigação) em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Utilizaram-se dois tipos de esterco, bovino e caprino e a testemunha, associados com a ausência de irrigação e cinco lâminas diferentes (0; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5; 4,5 e 5,5 L de água por semana por planta). Ao fim de três meses, foram mensurados a área do cladódio, índice de área de cladódio e volume de cladódios total. Observou-se efeito significativo a 1% de probabilidade, pelo Teste F, da lâmina de irrigação sob todos os parâmetros analisados, sendo a lâmina de 5,5 L/semana a que propiciou os melhores resultados para a maioria das variáveis. Os tipos de esterco isoladamente não diferiram estatisticamente entre si, no entanto, o esterco caprino associado com a irrigação apresentou melhores resultados.(AU)

The forage palm is a xerophilous crop of great importance for the maintenance of livestock in the Northeast region of Brazil during periods of drought. However, due to the need to recover the palm trees destroyed by the prickly pear cochineal, it is important to know the effects of management practices on the new varieties that have been introduced in the area. In this sense, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of different irrigation levels and sources of organic fertilization on the morphometric attributes of forage palm cladodes of the Erect Prickly Pear (Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw.) grown in a semi-arid environment. The experiment was conducted at Fazenda Riachão, in the city of Boa Vista, state of Paraíba. The planting area used was at its second cycle after two years of implantation. Two types of manure ­ cattle and goat, as well as control, associated with absence of irrigation and five different levels of irrigation, ranging from 0; 1.5; 2.5; 3,.5; 4.5 and 5.5 L of water per week per plant were used. A 3 x 6 double factorial model (types of fertilization, irrigation levels) was used in a randomized block design, with five replications. At the end of a three-months' period, the cladode area, cladode area index, and total cladode volume were measured. A significant effect could be observed at 1% probability by F Test regarding the irrigation level for all analyzed parameters, with the 5.5 L/week irrigation mode providing the best results for most of the studied parameters. The manure types alone did not differ statistically from each other; however, the goat manure associated with irrigation presented better results than those for cattle manure.(AU)

La palma forrajera es una planta xerófila de gran importancia para el mantenimiento del ganado del noreste, especialmente durante los períodos de sequía. Sin embargo, en vista de la necesidad de recuperación de las palmas destruidas por la cochinilla carmínica, es necesario conocer los efectos de las prácticas de manejo en las nuevas variedades introducidas. En ese sentido, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes cuchillas de riego y fuentes de fertilización orgánica en la morfometría de cladodios de la palma forrajera 'Oreja de Elefante Mexicano' (Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw.) cultivada en el Semiárido. El experimento se realizó en la Hacienda Riachão, Boa Vista, Paraíba. El área de plantación utilizada estaba en el segundo ciclo después de dos años de implantación. Se usó un factorial doble 3 x 6 (tipos de fertilización; cuchillas de riego) en un diseño de bloques al azar con cinco repeticiones. Se utilizaron dos tipos de estiércol, siendo de ganado y cabras y el control, asociados con la ausencia de riego y cinco diapositivas diferentes (0; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5; 4.5 y 5.5 L de agua por semana por planta). Después de tres meses, se midieron el área del cladodio, el índice del área del cladodio y el volumen total del cladodio. Se observó un efecto significativo con una probabilidad del 1%, mediante la Prueba F, de la cuchilla de riego bajo todos los parámetros analizados, con la cuchilla de 5.5 L/semana proporcionando los mejores resultados para la mayoría de las variables. Los tipos de estiércol por sí solos no difirieron estadísticamente, sin embargo, el estiércol de cabra asociado con el riego presentó mejores resultados.(AU)

Effect of irrigation at critical stages on the phenology of flowering and fruiting of the cactus Opuntia spp / Efeito da irrigação em estágios críticos sobre a fenologia de floração e frutificação do cacto Opuntia spp

Abstract This paper briefly reports some effects of irrigations at two critical periods on the phenology of three varieties of cactus pear cultivated in Agadir area: the spineless varieties 'Aissa' and 'Moussa' and the thorny one 'Achefri'. In the first year experiments (2010-2011) treatments of irrigation used were: (T1) 0 mm, (T2) 30 mm during flowering and 30 mm during fruit enlargement and (T3) 30 mm only during fruit enlargement. In the 2nd year experiments, irrigation treatments were: (T1) 0 mm, (T2) 60 mm during flowering and 60 mm during fruit enlargement and (T3) 60 mm only during fruit enlargement. Treatments of irrigation were applied between mid-April and mid-June in the 1st year experiments and in February and May in the 2nd year experiments. Results of the first year experiments showed that the emission of buds was higher in the thorny variety than in the spineless ones (more than 6 emitted buds/cladode vs less than 4.5 in the spineless varieties). In the second year, irrigation increased the emission of buds in the three varieties (more than 7 emitted buds/cladode for each T2 and T3 of all varieties vs not more than 5 for T1) and the duration of the flowering phase of these varieties. However, irrigation did not modify the proportions of fruits reaching commercial maturity during the early or the late period of maturation.

Resumo Este artigo relatou brevemente alguns efeitos das irrigações em dois períodos críticos na fenologia de três variedades de Opuntia cultivadas na área de Agadir: as variedades sem espinhos 'Aissa' e 'Moussa' e um espinhoso 'Achefri'. No primeiro ano (2010-2011) os seguintes tratamentos do experimento da irrigação foram usados: (T1) 0 milímetros, (T2) 30 milímetros durante a florescência e 30 milímetros durante a ampliação do fruto e (T3) 30 milímetros somente durante a ampliação do fruto. No segundo ano das experiências, os tratamentos da irrigação foram: (T1, 0 milímetros), (T2) 60 milímetros durante a florescência e 60 milímetros durante a ampliação do fruto e (T3) 60 milímetros somente durante a ampliação do fruto. Os tratamentos da irrigação foram aplicados entre a metade de abril e metade de junho nas experiências do primeira ano e em fevereiro e maio nas experiências do segundo ano. Os resultados das experiências do primeiro ano mostraram que a emissão de brotos foi maior na variedade espinhosa do que no rufia (mais de 6 emitida gomos/cladode vs inferior a 4,5 no rufia variedades). No segundo ano, a irrigação aumentou a emissão dos botões nas três variedades (mais de 7 botões emitidos/cladÓdio para cada T2 e T3 de todas as variedades não mais que 5 para o T1) e a duração da fase de florescência destas variedades. Contudo, a irrigação não alterou as proporções de frutos que alcançaram a maturidade comercial durante o período adiantado ou atrasado de maturação.

Preliminary survey of exotic invasive plants in some western and high plateau mountains in Yemen

Yemen Is the richest country in the Arabian Peninsula in Its biodiversity at all levels; genes, species, ecosystems and traditional knowledge. It is believed that the two serious threats to biodiversity are habitat destruction and nonnative species invasion in any ecosystem. Inspite of the observed threats of exotic invasive plant species In Yemen, these plants continue to be unchecked and unmonitored. The objective of study is to provide information and accurate identification of the most abundant exotic invasive plant species. Pilot survey of these plant species was carried out mainly in mountainous areas which is the most fragile ecosystems. Interviews with local people for primary assessment of the invasive plant species impact were also made, in addition to primary field observations. The results indicated that new invasive plant species were recorded in the country, although they are very abundant at this time, parthenium hysterophorus was recorded for the first time in hillsides In Hajah. Parthenium hysterophorus is sensitizer causes many health problems to human and animals, it also strong allelopathic weed. This weed in addition to the unpalatable and allelopathic Tagetes minuta has replaced native grazing vegetation in escarpment and the last has also invested the wastelands, roadsides, grazing lands, and abandoned fields even at above elevation of 3000 m. Tagetes minuta has led to reduction in population of Acacia asak trees and other species in the invasion areas. Opuntia dillenii was found at Bura mountains at the core of the protected area, its very serious threat to biodiversity and it causes blindness to animals and human whom get in contact with it. Other species were moving from the valleys upward in way to Bura mountains like prosopis sp., on the other hand, new Invasive species of nicotiania glauca was recorded In mountains surrounding Sana'a city. The distribution of some of the most abundant Invasive plant species and their observed impact will be presented in this paper

In vitro propagation of Opuntia ellisiana Griff and acclimatization to field conditions

The genus Opuntia is a valuable forage resource in arid and semiarid lands during periods of drought and shortage of herbaceous plants. However, absolute minimum temperatures in the plains of Mendoza represent a limiting factor to cultivate several species. Opuntia ellisiana is a cold hardy species, so the goals of this study were to massively propagate is using in vitro culture techniques, and then to acclimatize plantlets obtained to field conditions. Different sterilization protocols were tested. Areoles were isolated in laminar airflow cabinet, and cultured on Murashige-Skoog medium, supplemented with sucrose and different BAP and IBA combinations. Explants were grown at 27 +/- 2 degrees C, under a 16-h photoperiod. The shoots produced were used in the rooting assay using different auxin combinations. In the most efficient growth treatment, plantlets reached 100% shooting after 35 days of culture, and a mean length of 10.2 mm after 49 days of culture. A 100% rooted plantlets was obtained on a medium containing 5 mg L-1 IBA, after 12 days of culture. Acclimatization was achieved under greenhouse conditions, showing 100% plantlet survival. This study suggests that O. ellisiana can be successfully micropropagated by areoles, and easily acclimatizated to field conditions.